Theories of Depression
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory of Depression
Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive learning theory suggested that people are shaped by the interactions between their behaviors, thoughts, and environmental events. Each piece in the puzzle can and does affect the shape of the other pieces. Human behavior ends up being largely a product of learning, which may occur vicariously, as well as through direct experience. Bandura points out that depressed people tend to hold themselves solely responsible for bad things in their lives and are full of self-recrimination and self-blame.
http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=13007&cn=5
Julian Rotter's Locus of Control Theory
Julian Rotter observed people in therapy and noticed that:
- Different people, given identical conditions for learning, learn different things
- Some people respond predictably to reinforcement, others less so, and some respond unpredictably
Some people see a direct and strong connection between their behaviour and the rewards and punishments received
- The basic assumption is that your behaviour is determined not just by the presence or size of reinforcements, but by the beliefs about what the results of your behaviour are likely to be i.e., how likely you are to get the reinforcement.
- He believed that that if you see a link between behaviours and reinforcers then your behaviour is affected by the reinforcers.
Martin Seligman Learned Helplessness Theory
- Learned helplessness is the state of mind created when an animal or human being learns to behave helplessly, even with the means to escape or avoid an unpleasant situation. The learned helplessness theory holds that clinical depression and other mental illnesses may arise from the perceived lack of control over a situation.
- Many aspects of human helplessness have no correlations to animals. Vicarious learning or “modeling” is one of the more intriguing aspects. People can observe another person who is experiencing uncontrollable events and learn to be helpless themselves. This phenomenon is sometimes called vicarious trauma.
- Learning to be hopeless in many things has led to many psychologists to believe that it is a major cause of depression.
http://directory.leadmaverick.com/Helping-Psychology/DallasFort-WorthArlington/TX/10/9748/index.aspx
Aaron Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression
- According to Dr. Aaron Beck, negative thoughts, generated by dysfunctional beliefs are typically the primary cause of depressive symptoms. A direct relationship occurs between the amount and severity of someone's negative thoughts and the severity of their depressive symptoms. In other words, the more negative thoughts you experience, the more depressed you will become.
- Beck also asserts that there are three main dysfunctional belief themes that dominate depressed people's thinking:
1) I am defective or inadequate
2) All of my experiences result in defeats or failures
3) The future is hopeless. Together, these three themes are described as the Negative Cognitive Triad.
- When these beliefs are present in someone's cognition, depression is very likely to occur.
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